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1.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(3): 917-928, May-June 2019. ilus
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1011332

ABSTRACT

In veterinary medicine, the cell therapy is still unexplored and there are many unanswered questions that researchers tend to extrapolate to humans in an attempt to treat certain injuries. Investigating this subject in nonhuman primates turns out to be an unparalleled opportunity to better understand the dynamics of stem cells against some diseases. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficiency of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue of Chlorocebus aethiops in induced bone injury. Ten animals were used, male adults subjected, to bone injury the iliac crests. The MSCs were isolated by and cultured. In an autologous manner, the BMMCs were infused in the right iliac crest, and MSCs from adipose tissue in the left iliac crest. After 4.8 months, the right iliac crests fully reconstructed, while left iliac crest continued to have obvious bone defects for up to 5.8 months after cell infusion. The best option for treatment of injuries with bone tissue loss in old world primates is to use autologous MSCs from adipose tissue, suggesting we can extrapolate the results to humans, since there is phylogenetic proximity between species.(AU)


Na medicina veterinária, a terapia celular ainda é inexplorada e há muitas perguntas não respondidas, o que leva os pesquisadores a uma tendência a estender a terapia para os seres humanos, na tentativa de tratar certas lesões. Investigar esse assunto em primatas não humanos revela-se uma oportunidade sem precedentes para compreender melhor a dinâmica das células-tronco contra algumas doenças. Assim, objetivou-se comparar a eficiência das células mononucleares de medula óssea (BMMCs) e das células-tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) do tecido adiposo de Chlorocebus aetiops na lesão óssea induzida. Foram utilizados 10 animais, adultos do sexo masculino, submetidos à lesão óssea nas cristas ilíacas. As MSCs foram isoladas e cultivadas; de forma autóloga, as BMMCs foram infundidas na crista ilíaca direita e as MSCs de tecido adiposo na crista ilíaca esquerda. Após 4,8 meses, a crista ilíaca direita foi totalmente reconstruída, enquanto a crista ilíaca esquerda continuou apresentando defeito ósseo evidente por até 5,8 meses após a infusão. A melhor opção para o tratamento de lesões com perda de tecido ósseo em primatas do Velho Mundo é a utilização de MSCs autólogas de tecido adiposo, sugerindo que se podem estender os resultados para seres humanos, uma vez que há proximidade filogenética entre as espécies.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Bone Marrow Cells , Stem Cell Transplantation/veterinary , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/veterinary , Chlorocebus aethiops , Models, Animal , Ilium/injuries
2.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 68(3): 695-701, tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-785707

ABSTRACT

The common marmoset is an important Neotropical primate for biomedical research. With the intention of providing pelvimetric values that allow the selection of animals with better characteristics for reproduction, we studied the X-ray of the pelvis, in ventro-dorsal projection of 12 adult animals, six males and six females, belonging to the National Center of Primates - CENP. The measurements were made to right diagonal diameters (RDD), left diagonal diameter (LDD), bi-iliac middle diameter (BIMD), bi-iliac upper diameter (BIUD), bi-iliac lower diameter (BILD), sacrum-pubic diameter (SPD), and the input area of the pelvis (IAP), which were compared in relation to sex and bodily correlated with the biometrics. The results of the means and standard deviations regarding pelvimetry (cm) were: for the RDD in males of 1.91±0.14 and in the females of 2.05±0.08; LDD in males of 1.85±0.16 and in females of 2.03± 0.08; BIMD in males of 1.46±0.12 and in the females of 1.5±0; BIUD showed in males 1.3±0.1 and in females of 1.3±0.06; BILD in males of 1.35±0.15 and in females of 1.25±0.08; SPD in males of 1.68±0.09 and in females of 1.93±0.13; IAP in males of 1.9±0.26 and in the females of 2.23±0.13. It was concluded that the pelvis of Callithrix jacchus could be classified as dolicopelvic type, there is sexual dimorphism in relation to the pelvis of adult animals and that the bodily measurements have low positive correlation with pelvic measurements.(AU)


O sagui-de-tufo-branco se destaca como um importante primata neotropical para as pesquisas biomédicas. Com o intuito de fornecer valores pelvimétricos que permitam a seleção de animais com melhores características para a reprodução, estudaram-se radiografias da pelve, em projeção ventrodorsal, de 12 animais, sendo seis machos e seis fêmeas, adultos, pertencentes ao Centro Nacional de Primatas - CENP. As mensurações realizadas foram referentes aos diâmetros diagonal direito (DDD), diagonal esquerdo (DDE), bi-ilíaco médio (DBIM), bi-ilíaco superior (DBIS), bi-ilíaco inferior (DBII), sacropúbico (DSP), além da área de entrada da pelve (AEP), os quais foram comparados em relação ao sexo e correlacionados com a biometria corpórea. Os resultados de médias e desvios-padrão com relação à pelvimetria (cm) foram: para o DDD nos machos de 1,91±0,14 e nas fêmeas de 2,05±0,08; DDE nos machos de 1,85±0,16 e nas fêmeas de 2,03±0,08; DBIM nos machos de 1,46±0,12 e nas fêmeas de 1,5±0; DBIS nos machos de 1,3±0,1 e nas fêmeas de 1,3±0,06; DBII nos machos de 1,35±0,15 e nas fêmeas de 1,25±0,08; DSP nos machos de 1,68±0,09 e nas fêmeas de 1,93±0,13; AEP nos machos de 1,9±0,26 e nas fêmeas de 2,23±0,13. Concluiu-se que a pelve de Callithrix jacchus pode ser classificada como do tipo dolicopélvica, existe dimorfismo sexual em relação às pelves de animais adultos e que as medidas corpóreas apresentam baixa correlação positiva com as medidas pélvicas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Callitrichinae , Pelvimetry/veterinary , Pelvis , Primates , Radiography/veterinary , Biometry/methods , Sex Characteristics
3.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 48(10): 895-901, Oct. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-761598

ABSTRACT

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a relatively significant number of radiological accidents have occurred in recent years mainly because of the practices referred to as potentially high-risk activities, such as radiotherapy, large irradiators and industrial radiography, especially in gammagraphy assays. In some instances, severe injuries have occurred in exposed persons due to high radiation doses. In industrial radiography, 80 cases involving a total of 120 radiation workers, 110 members of the public including 12 deaths have been recorded up to 2014. Radiological accidents in industrial practices in Brazil have mainly resulted in development of cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) in hands and fingers. Brazilian data include 5 serious cases related to industrial gammagraphy, affecting 7 radiation workers and 19 members of the public; however, none of them were fatal. Some methods of reconstructive dosimetry have been used to estimate the radiation dose to assist in prescribing medical treatment. The type and development of cutaneous manifestations in the exposed areas of a person is the first achievable gross dose estimation. This review article presents the state-of-the-art reconstructive dosimetry methods enabling estimation of local radiation doses and provides guidelines for medical handling of the exposed individuals. The review also presents the Chilean and Brazilian radiological accident cases to highlight the importance of reconstructive dosimetry.


Subject(s)
Humans , Radiation Injuries/diagnosis , Radioactive Hazard Release/statistics & numerical data , Radiometry/methods , Skin/radiation effects , Brazil/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy , Finger Injuries/etiology , Hand Injuries/etiology , Luminescent Measurements , Radiation Dosage , Radiation Exposure/adverse effects , Radiation Injuries/epidemiology
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(5): 1479-1486, Sep-Oct/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-729782

ABSTRACT

The Bradypus variegatus inhabits the forests of South America and feeds from leaves, branches and sprouts from different plants. Due to its diet and the lack of literature on the morphological aspect of Xenarthras, five Bradypus variegatus tongues from animals which died from natural causes were evaluated, and they came from Pará State Museum Emílio Goeldi and were donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphological Research (LaPMA) from UFRA, for revealing the different types of papillae and epithelial-connective tissue. Macroscopically, the tongues presented elongated shape, rounded apex, body, root, median sulcus in the root's apex, and two vallate papillae. The mucous membrane of the tongue revealed a keratinized stratified pavement epithelium, while the ventral surface of the tongue was thin and smooth, not provided with any type of papillae. However, the dorsal surface of the tongue was irregular with the presence of three types of papillae: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae found were of a simple type, presenting a rounded base, irregularly distributed with a larger concentration and development on the tongue's apex and body. The fungiform papilla showed a practically smooth surface with irregular format, with the presence of gustatory pores; these were found all over the dorsal surface, with larger concentration at the rostral part of the apex. Only two vallate papillae were observed disposed in the root of the tongue, surrounded by a deep groove, and revealing several taste buds. The tongues from Bradypus variegatus presented gustatory papillae similar to the ones described for other Xenarthras species and wild mammals...


A Bradypus variegatus habita florestas da América do Sul e alimenta-se de folhas, ramos e brotos de várias plantas. Em decorrência de sua dieta, bem como da escassez de literatura sobre aspectos morfológicos dos Xenarthras, avaliaram-se cinco línguas de Bradypus variegatus, que foram a óbito por causas naturais, provenientes do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi e doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA) da UFRA, a fim de se elucidarem os diferentes tipos de papilas e a interface epitélio-tecido conjuntivo. Macroscopicamente, as línguas apresentaram formato alongado, ápice arredondado, corpo, raiz, sulco mediano do ápice à raiz e duas papilas valadas. A mucosa da língua revelou epitélio de revestimento pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, enquanto a face ventral era delgada e lisa, desprovida de qualquer tipo de papila. Já a face dorsal apresentou-se irregular, com a presença de três tipos papilares: papilas filiformes, fungiformes e valadas. As papilas filiformes encontradas eram do tipo simples, com base circular, distribuídas irregularmente, com maior concentração e desenvolvimento no ápice e no corpo da língua. A papila fungiforme mostrou-se com superfície praticamente lisa e de formato irregular, com a presença de poros gustativos. Estas foram encontradas por toda a superfície dorsal, com maior concentração na parte rostral do ápice. Foram observadas apenas duas papilas valadas, dispostas na região da raiz da língua, com corpo rodeado por sulcos profundos e vários botões gustativos. As línguas de Bradypus variegatus apresentaram papilas linguais similares às descritas para outras espécies de Xenarthras e mamíferos selvagens...


Subject(s)
Animals , Tongue/anatomy & histology , Taste Buds/anatomy & histology , Sloths , Epithelium/anatomy & histology
5.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(4): 1089-1096, 08/2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-722583

ABSTRACT

Diante do escasso conhecimento morfofisiológico do trato digestório do Tamandua tetradactyla, este trabalho pretendeu esclarecer a morfologia do estômago dessa espécie. Utilizaram-se seis espécimes, sendo três machos e três fêmeas jovens, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita Paragominas - PA, doados, após morte por atropelamento, ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA). Os animais foram fixados com solução aquosa de formaldeído (10 por cento), seguido de dissecação, avaliação da topografia do estômago, com posterior descrição, mensuração e coleta de material para microscopia. As análises topográfica e macroscópica revelaram que o estômago, unicavitário, com presença de pequena e grande curvaturas, estava localizado no antímero esquerdo da cavidade abdominal, ligado cranialmente ao esôfago e caudalmente ao duodeno, e apresentou um aumento de superfície na região pilórica (toro pilórico). Histologicamente, era constituído por epitélio colunar simples (região glandular), epitélio estratificado pavimentoso (região aglandular), lâmina própria, muscular da mucosa, submucosa, muscular circular interna, muscular longitudinal externa e serosa. A região do piloro apresentou um grande espessamento da camada muscular da mucosa, e foram observadas nesta região fossetas gástricas profundas. O estômago de T. tetradactyla revelou características morfológicas macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às espécies domésticas e selvagens...


Given the limited morphophysiological knowledge about the digestive tract of Tamandua tetradactyla, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of the stomach of this species. We used six young specimens, three males and three females, from the area of Paragominas bauxite mine - PA, donated after death by trampling, to the Research Laboratory Animal Morphological (LaPMA). The animals were fixed with an aqueous solution of formaldehyde (10 percent), followed by dissection, evaluation of the topography of the stomach, with further description, measurement and collection of material for microscopy. The topographical and macroscopic analysis showed that the stomach was located in left on-timer of the abdominal cavity, connected entirely to the esophagus and caudally to the duodenum, was unicavitary with the presence of small and large curvature and showed a surface increase in the pyloric region (torus pylorus). Histologically it was composed of simple columnar epithelium (glandular region), stratified epithelium (aglandular region), lamina propria, muscular of mucous, submucous, muscular internal circular, muscular external longitudinal and serosa. The region of the pylorus presented a great thickening of the muscular layer of mucous, and deep gastric pits were observed in this region. The stomach of T. tetradactyla revealed macroscopic and histological morphological characteristics similar to domestic and wild species...


Subject(s)
Animals , Heart/anatomy & histology , Coronary Vessels/anatomy & histology , Xenarthra/anatomy & histology , Biometry , Thoracic Cavity/anatomy & histology
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(4): 1105-1111, 08/2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-722586

ABSTRACT

O Tamandua tetradactyla é uma espécie da ordem Xenarthra que apresenta coloração amarelada na cabeça, nos membros e na parte anterior do dorso, sendo o restante do corpo negro, formando uma espécie de colete, por isso também é chamado de "tamanduá-de-colete". Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia, a topografia e a irrigação cardíaca do Tamandua tetradactyla. Foram utilizados quatro espécimes jovens, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita - Paragominas, Pará, que foram doados à Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, após morte por atropelamento. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex contrastado, e os animais foram fixados em uma solução de formaldeído a 10%. A cavidade torácica foi acessada e permitiu a análise topográfica do coração, com posterior mensuração, descrição morfológica e vascular. O coração estava localizado entre o terceiro e o quinto espaço intercostal, apresentando duas artérias coronárias, direita e esquerda, que se originaram do seio aórtico. O tipo de irrigação para esta espécie variou entre a do tipo equilibrada e a direita. Nos sulcos coronários, localizavam-se os ramos circunflexos das artérias coronárias, originando os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso. Além das quatro câmaras cardíacas, observaram-se também as valvas tricúspide e bicúspide, cordas tendíneas, trabéculas carnosas e trabéculas septo marginal, músculos papilares nas câmaras ventriculares e músculos pectiniformes nas câmaras atriais...


The Tamandua tetradactyla and a specie of the Xenarthra order that presents yellowish color in the head, limbs and anterior part of the dorsum and the rest of the black body, forming a sort of vest, so it is also called "collared anteater". This study aimed to describe the morphology, topography and cardiac irrigation of the Tamandua tetradactyla. Four young specimens were used, from the bauxite mine area - Paragominas, Pará, which were donated to the Federal Rural University of Amazon - UFRA, after death due to running over. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The thoracic cavity was accessed by allowing the topographic analysis of the heart, with subsequent measurement, morphological and vascular description. The heart was located between the 3rd and 5th intercostal space, showing two coronary arteries, dextra and sinistra, that originated from the Sinus aortae. The type of irrigation for this species varied between the balanced and the right. In the coronary sulcus there were branches of circumflex coronary arteries, originating the Ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and Ramus interventricularis paraconalis. In addition to the four cardiac chambers we observed the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, chordae tendineae, trabeculaes carneae and trabeculaes septomarginales, the Musculus papillaris in ventricular chambers and Musculus pectiniform in atrial chambers...


Subject(s)
Animals , Heart/anatomy & histology , Coronary Vessels/anatomy & histology , Xenarthra/anatomy & histology , Myocardium , Thorax
7.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(1): 116-120, fev. 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-704014

ABSTRACT

Dextrocardia is a rare cardiac anomaly where the heart is situated on the right antimeres of the thorax. This study had the objective of describing a case of dextrocardia with situs solitus and apex-basis axis inversion in a lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) between five evaluated animals, all from the area of Mine Bauxite - Paragominas - Para. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and a posterior dissection was done. The heart of an animal was found in right antimere with inversion of the base-apex axis. The right atrium was more developed then the left and the pulmonary veins arrived directly in the left ventricle. The main vases of the base were identified with some topographic alterations resulting in: aorta dorsal to the cava caudal vein, pulmonary artery dorsal and cranial to aorta, pulmonary veins ventral to the pulmonary artery, cava caudal vein in ventral plain and cava cranial vein in dorsal plan in relation to the other vessels. Internally there were four cardiac chambers, with absence of septal communication.


Dextrocardia é uma anomalia cardíaca rara no qual o coração está situado no antímero direito do tórax. Este estudo objetivou descrever um caso de dextrocardia com situs solitus e inversão do eixo ápice-base em um tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla), entre cinco animais avaliados, sendo todos da área da mina de bauxita - Paragominas - Pará. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex contrastado e os animais foram fixados com formol a 10% e seguido de dissecção posterior. O coração de um dos animais foi encontrado no antímero direito com inversão do eixo ápice-base. O átrio direito era mais desenvolvido do que o esquerdo e as veias pulmonares chegaram direto no ventrículo esquerdo. Foram identificados os principais vasos da base com alterações topográficas, resultando em: aorta dorsal à veia cava caudal, artéria pulmonar dorsal e cranial da aorta, veias pulmonares ventrais a artéria pulmonar, veia cava caudal em plano ventral e veia cava cranial em plano dorsal em relação a outros vasos. Internamente foram localizadas quatro câmaras cardíacas, com ausência de comunicação septal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Heart Atria/anatomy & histology , Dextrocardia/pathology , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Xenarthra/classification
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(6): 1792-1800, Dec. 2013. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-696863

ABSTRACT

Com o crescimento da indústria sucroalcooleira, buscam-se alternativas de uso dos resíduos gerados por ela. Os pequenos ruminantes de raças naturalizadas do Nordeste brasileiro mostram-se como grupos potenciais para que seja utilizado o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) nas dietas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se determinar a degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do BCA e os parâmetros ruminais em caprinos Moxotó e ovinos Morada Nova, fistulados no rúmen. Contidos em sacos de náilon, 3g de BCA foram incubados no rúmen nos tempos seis, 24 e 96 horas, determinando-se o conteúdo de MS e FDN nos resíduos obtidos. Nos tempos zero, seis e 12 horas após a primeira refeição, mediram-se no líquido ruminal pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) ruminal. O CMS não diferiu entre caprinos e ovinos. O potencial de máxima degradação da MS foi semelhante entre espécies, e da FDN foi superior em caprinos. Ovinos apresentaram maiores tempo de colonização, taxa de degradação e degradabilidade efetiva da MS e FDN. O pH não diferiu entre as espécies. Observou-se maior concentração de N-NH3 ruminal em caprinos, no tempo zero. Diante da maior velocidade de degradação da MS do BCA pelos ovinos, essa espécie se mostra detentora de uma microbiota ruminal com crescimento mais eficiente sobre o BCA.


With the increase of the sugar and alcohol industries, alternative uses for residue are sought, and the small ruminants from the naturalized breeds of northeastern Brazil are potential groups to make use of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in their diets. In this context, the objective was to determine the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of SCB and ruminal parameters in Moxotó goats and Morada Nova sheep rumen fistulated. Three grams of SCB were placed in naylon bags and incubated in the rumen at 6, 24 and 96 hours, and the residues analyzed for DM and NDF. Rumen fluid was collected at zero, 6 and 12 hours after the first meal and pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were determined. DMI did not differ between goats and sheep. The maximum degradation potential of DM was similar between species and the A of NDF was higher in goats. Sheep had higher colonization time, rate of degradation and effective degradability of DM and NDF. The pH did not differ between species. The highest concentration of ruminal N-NH3in goats was at time zero. Given the higher rate of degradation of bagasse dry matter by sheep, this specie shows a more efficient rumen microbial growth on SCB.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dietary Fiber , Ruminants , Sheep , Saccharum/classification
9.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-748673

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) abarca todas aquellas enfermedades respiratorias que cursan con obstrucción no totalmente reversible del flujo aéreo. La limitación es progresiva y está asociada a una respuesta inflamatoria. La denominación de fenotipo se utiliza para referirse a formas clínicas de los pacientes con EPOC, describiéndose: 1. No agudizador, con enfisema o bronquitis crónica, 2. Mixto EPOC-asma, 3. Agudizador con enfisema y 4. Agudizador con bronquitis crónica. La superposición de los síntomas hace difícil el diagnóstico, y para la mayoría de los pacientes, el tabaquismo es el factor etiológico más importante. La obstrucción de las vías bronquiales en el asma es esencialmente reversible, pero muchos años de exacerbaciones recurrentes puede producir una obstrucción permanente debido al remodelado de las vías respiratorias. La inflamación crónica esta asociada a un aumento en la hiperreactividad de la vía aérea que conduce a episodios recurrentes de sibilancias, disnea, opresión torácica y tos, particularmente en la noche o temprano en la mañana. Estos episodios se asocian generalmente a la obstrucción generalizada pero variable en el flujo aéreo pulmonar que es frecuentemente reversible espontáneamente o con tratamiento


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes all those respiratory diseases that curse with not fully reversible obstruction of the airflow. The limitation is progressive and its associated with a inflammatory response. The denomination of phenotype is used to refer to clinical forms of COPD patients, describing: 1. No peaking, emphysema or chronic bronchitis, 2. Mixed COPD-asthma, 3. Peaking with emphysema and 4. Peaking with chronic bronchitis. The superposition of the symptoms makes the diagnosis difficult, and for most patients, smoking is the most important etiologic factor. The bronchial airway obstruction in asthma is essentially reversible, but many years of recurrent exacerbations can produce a permanent obstruction due to airway remodelling. Chronic inflammation is associated with increased airway hyper responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, particularly at night or early in the morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable obstruction in lung airflow that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chronic Periodontitis/genetics , Chronic Periodontitis/immunology , Chronic Periodontitis/pathology , Dentistry
10.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 63(1): 250-253, Feb. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-582351

ABSTRACT

The fluoroscopy-guided renal arteriography was evaluated in order to be used as an auxiliary method in investigations and as a way to experimentally induce kidney diseases in swine. The technique was effective to obtain sharp images as well as to determine the area of renal irrigation. Despite its easiness, trained professionals are required to perform it.


Subject(s)
Animals , Angiography , Swine/classification , Fluoroscopy , Kidney/anatomy & histology
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